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Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social gifts, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, known only much later by the title First Lady—a function she had sometimes performed earlier for the widowed Thomas Jefferson.〔Catherine Allgor, ''A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation'' (New York: Henry Holy & Co., 2006), 43〕 Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving the classic portrait of George Washington. In widowhood, she often lived in poverty, partially relieved by the sale of her late husband’s papers. ==Early life and first marriage== The first girl in her family, Dolley Payne was born on May 20, 1768, in the Quaker settlement of New Garden, North Carolina, in Guilford County to Mary Coles Payne and John Payne Jr, both Virginians who had moved to North Carolina in 1765.〔("Chronology and Dolley Madison" ), ''The Dolley Madison Project,'' University of Virginia Digital History〕 Mary Coles, a Quaker, had married John Payne, a non-Quaker, in 1761. Three years later, he applied and was admitted to the Quaker Monthly Meeting in Hanover County, Virginia, where Coles' parents lived, and they reared their children in the Quaker faith. By 1769, the Paynes had returned to Virginia,〔 and young Dolley grew up in comfort at her parents' plantation in rural eastern Virginia and became deeply attached to her mother's family. Eventually she had three sisters: Lucy, Anna, and Mary; and four brothers: Walter, William Temple, Isaac, and John. In 1783, following the American Revolutionary War, John Payne emancipated his slaves,〔 as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South.〔Peter Kolchin, ''American Slavery, 1619–1877,'' New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, p. 81〕 Some, like Payne, were Quakers, who had long encouraged manumission; others were inspired by revolutionary ideals. From 1782 to 1810, the proportion of free blacks to the total black population in Virginia increased from less than one percent to 7.2 percent, and more than 30,000 blacks were free.〔Kolchin (1993), p. 81〕 Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where he went into business as a starch merchant, but the business had failed by 1789. He died in October 1792 and Mary Payne initially made ends meet by opening a boardinghouse, but the next year she took her two youngest children, Mary and John, and moved to western Virginia to live with her daughter Lucy and her new husband, George Steptoe Washington, a nephew of George Washington. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dolley Madison」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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